Jaman sebelum lahirnya Kartini. Ada putri Indonesia yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap dunia. Dialah Oei hui lan atau dikenal dengan sebutan Madame Wellington Koo’. Hui lan adalah seorang putri yang lahir semarang pada tahun 1889 ini adalah putri kedua dari seorang pengusaha kaya raya bernama Oei tiong ham. Oei tiong ham sendiri adalah orang terkaya di asia tenggara di tahun itu. Oei hui lan menjadi tonggak sejarah perubahaan bangsa cina di bumi nusantara sebagai orang pertama yang berani melepas kuncil di rambut. Sejak saat itu banyak penduduk Cina di nusantara berambut cepak dan bergaya eropa.

Pengaruh Hui lan sendiri saat era Perang dunia pertama sangat dominan. Oei hui lan menikah dengan Wellington Koo salah satu duta besar China yang pada saat itu sedang berada dalam wilayah jajahan Jepang. Hui lan adalah Putri Indonesia pertama yang mampu secara fasih melafarkan bahasa Belanda, English dan Francis. Ia menjadi orang yang berada disamping kemerdekaan China saat melepas Shantung dari penjajahan Jepang.


Sebelum Hindia Belanda berubah menjadi Indonesia, dia menjadi satu satunya orang Indonesia yang bergaul luas dengan orang orang kerajaan Istana Eropa mulai dari Ratu Viktoria hingga ratu Belgia. Fotonya menjadi satu satunya wanita Indonesia yang tercatat dalam musem kerajaan di English. Hui lan sendiri menjadi orang yang bertindak besar dalam sejarah dunia ketika ia bersama sang suami membawa Cina merdeka dan menjadi negara Rebupblik.

Oei hui lan begitu terpandang di eropa. Gaya hidupnya sangat elegan, mengingat ayahnya adalah orang kaya, Oei hui lan bahkan dapat memiliki istana di beberapa negara termasuk rumah milik sang penemu telepon asal Amerika Graham bell dan Istana milik Sun yan Set , presiden Republik Cina pertama. Oei hui lan menjadi inspirasi bagi semua wanita asia tentang sebuah kemajuan dalam berpikir bahwa Wanita asia adalah orang yang dapat disejajarkan dengan wanita Eropa. Walaupun ia menikah dengan seorang pria China daratan tapi ia tetap mencintai tanah air kelahirannya. Bahkan sampai sekarang warisan keluarga dia masih bisa di lihat di semarang. Ia tetap berwarga negara Indonesia.


Hui lan meninggal di usia 93 tahun, ia mengeluarkan buku berjudul “ No feast last forever”. Kisah hidupnya yang bak telenovela dan banyak hal yang dia ceritakan dari negeri ini berdiri hingga negeri ini bernama Indonesia. Hidupnya juga tidak seindah yang ia bayangkan, walaupun ia kaya dan dapat memiliki segalanya. Ia tidak dapat menggunakan uangnya untuk Cinta dan kebahagiaan.

Ia ditinggal suaminya yang berpoligami, bersaudarakan 48 orang dari ayah yang memiliki 8 istri dan tragisnya kekayaan sang ayah akhirnya berujung pada perebutan kekuasaan dan intrik dalam keluarga. Dan pada akhirnya hartanya di sita negara pada masa pemerintahaan Soekarno.

Sekarang Lukisan Oei hui lan atau Madame Wellington Koo dapat di Lihat Di Hotel Tugu Kota Malang

Ketika masih di bangku sekolah dahulu, didalam buku pelajaran serajah dikatakan bahwa Islam masuk di pulau Sulawesi dibawah oleh tiga Mubalig yaitu Datuk Ribandang (Khatib Tunggal Datuk Makmur), Datuk Patimang (Khatib Sulung Datuk Sulaiman) dan Datuk RiTiro (Syekh Nurdin Ariyani). Di tandai dengan dibangunnya Mesjid Tua Katangka yang ada di Gowa tahun 1605.

Pertanyaan kemudian, Apakah orang Bugis baru mengenal Islam di tahun 1605? Mari kita telusuri yang sebenarnya.

Penyebaran agama Islam begitu meluas setelah penaklukan kota Mekkah oleh Rasulullah, kemudian di lanjutkan dengan pengislaman negara2 Timur tengah, Eropa, kemudian ke Asia berlanjuthinga pada jama Khulafaurrasyidin.

Pada saat Usman Bin Affan terangkat Khalifah, Beliau mengutus Muawiyah Bin Abu Softyan, ke Asia (ke Cina dll), Muawiyah Bin Abu Softyan juga menyempatkan diri ke Kerajan Kalingga (Jepara) dan Raja Jay Sima ptra ratu Sima dari Kalingga masuk Islam. dan pada masa itu telah banyak orang orang arab Islam yang menetap di pesisir sumatra, Begitupun juga di pulau lain (termasuk Sulawesi)

Masuknya Islam di Sulawesi di awal abad Hijriah ini bisa dilihat atau dibuktikan dengan adanya Pekuburan Islam di Wajo tepatnya di Lagosi dengan huruf Hijaiyah tahun 100 Hijriah atau sekitar tahun 700 M. Namun yang membawanya Masih dalam keadaan samar-samar. namun di yakini bahwa orang bugis adalah pelaut dan mereka masuk Islam di Rantauannya kemudian pulang mengislamkan orang-orang sekampungnya.

Perkembangan kehadiran Islam di Wajo, dicatat pula oleh K.H. Jamaluddin dalam bukunya Kafaah Dalam Perkawinan (halaman 36, terbit tahun 1991), mengatakan, bahwa :
Seorang Sayid bernama Sayid Jamaluddin Akbar al-Husaini datang dari Aceh lewat Pajajaran atas undangan raja yang masih beragama Bugha waktu itu bernama Prabu Wijaya (1293-1309). Kemudian Sayid ini melanjutkan perjalanan ke Sulawesi Selatan bersama rombongannya sebanyak 15 Orang, kemudian ia masuk ke daerah Bugis dan menetap di Tosora (Wajo), meninggal disana sekitar tahun 1320 dan diMakamnya ada di Tosora. sedangkan petilasannya ada dibeberapa tempat yaitu di Semarang, Trowulan, dan di Desa Turgo (dekat Plawangan), Kecamatan Turi, Yogyakarta.

Inilah Silsilahnya Sayyid,

Nabi Muhammad Rasulullah>Fathimah Az-Zahra/Ali bin Abi Thalib>IMAM HUSAIN > ALI ZAIN AL-ABIDIN > MUHAMMAD AL-BAQIR > JA’FAR AS-SADIQ > ALI AL-URAYDHI > MUHAMMAD AN-NAQIB > ISA AR-RUMY > AHMAD AL-MUHAJIR > UBAIDILLAH > ALWY > MUHAMMADUN > ALWY > ALI KHALA QASM > MUHAMMAD SAHIB MIRBATH > ALWY > ABD AL-MALIK > ABDULLAH KHAN > AHMAD SYAH > SAYYID JAMALUDDIN AL-KUBRO AL-HUSAIN.>SAYYID BARAKAT ZAINAL ALAM > MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM

Dilihat dari sini sangat jauh perbedaan tahun antara masuknya Islam di Sulawesi dengan kedatangan Datuk Ribandang, Datuk Patimang dan Datuk RiTiro. karena ketiga Mubalig ini ada setelah era Wali Songo di Jawa. dan Jadi Sejarah yang mengatakan bahwa Sulawesi pertama kali memeluk Islam setelah kedatangan 3 Mubalik ini adalah HOAX. karena Trio Datuk adalah murid dari Sunan Giri, Sunan giri sendiri adalah adalah cucu dari Sayyid Jamaluddin Al Kubro, anak dari Maulana Ishak (saudara Maulana Malik Ibrahin a.k.a Sunan Gresik)

Terkait sang Sayyid Adalah keturunan dari Imam Husain (Syiah), di Bugis dikehal hari Asyuro. ada tradisi membuat Bubur Syuro...bubur merah & putih, ada juga pimmali lao mabela (pergi jauh) di Bulan syuro/muharram, tentu terkait dengan bulan pembantaian Husain bin Ali di Karbala. bahkan ada daeran bernama Belawa (sekarang kecamatan) namanya berasal dari kata Ba Alawiyah yang merupakan sebutan pada keluarga ahlulbayt nabi.

sengaja posting bginian, karena ada rasa bangga kepada komandan pertamanya.

Pada tanggal 16 April 1952, Kolonel A.E. Kawilarang mendirikan Kesatuan Komando Tentara Territorium III/Siliwangi (Kesko TT). Ide pembentukan kesatuan komando ini berasal dari pengalamannya menumpas gerakan Republik Maluku Selatan (RMS) di Maluku. Saat itu A.E. Kawilarang bersama Letkol Slamet Riyadi (Brigjen Anumerta) merasa kesulitan menghadapi pasukan komando RMS. A.E. Kawilarang bercita-cita untuk mendirikan pasukan komando yang dapat bergerak tangkas dan cepat.

Komandan pertama saat itu adalah Idjon Djanbi. Idjon Djanbi adalah mantan kapten KNIL Belanda kelahiran Kanada, yang memiliki nama asli Kapten Rokus Bernardus Visser. Pada tanggal 9 Februari 1953, Kesko TT dialihkan dari Siliwangi dan langsung berada di bawah Kepala Staf TNI Angkatan Darat (KSAD).
lalu sipa Muhammad Idjon Djanbi

Muhammad Idjon Djanbi lahir di Kanada sekitar tahun 1915 dengan nama Rokus Bernardus Visser, Lahir sebagai putra petani tulip, setelah lulus kuliah membat orangtuanya jualan lampu di London. Visser mendaftarkan pada dinas Ketentaraan Belanda yang mengungsi ke Britania dan membentuk kekuatan baru Inggris. Visser mendaftarkan pada dinas Ketentaraan Belanda yang mengungsi ke Britania dan membentuk kekuatan baru disana. Setelah itu dia ditugaskan menjadi sopir Ratu Wilhemena. Setelah setahun di post tersebut dia mengundurkan diri dan mendaftarkan diri di sebagai operator radio (Radioman) di pasukan Belanda ke 2 (2nd Dutch Troop). Bersama dengan pasukan sekutu, Visser merasakan operasi tempurnya yang pertama, yaitu Operasi Market Garden pada bulan September 1944, saat itu pasukan Belanda ke 2 bagian dimana Visser berada, dimasukan dalam Divisi Lintas Udara 82 Amerika Serikat. Diterjunkan melalui pesawat layang Visser dan teman-teman Amerikanya mendarat di bagian dengan konsentrasi pasukan Jerman tinggi. Dua bulan kemudian saat dikumpulkan kembali, Visser digabungkan dengan pasukan Sekutu yang lain dan melakukan operasi pendaratan amphibi di Walcheren, sebuah kawasan pantai di Belanda bagian selatan.

Karena dianggap berprestasi maka dia disekolahkan di Sekolah Perwira sebelum di kirim ke Asia. Selanjutnya Viser dikirmkan ke Sekolah Pasukan Para di India dan dimaksudkan bergabung dengan pasukan untuk memukul kekuatan Jepang di Indonesia. Kekalahan pasukan Jepang pada 1945 mengakhiri perang dunia ke 2 dan Jepang mundur dari Indonesia sebelum pasukan Visser sempat dikirimkan ke Indonesia. Mundurnya Jepang dari Indonesia membuka peluang kepada Belanda untuk kembali menguasai Indonesia. Karena keadaan di Belanda sedang kacau dan mereka tidak mampu mengirimkan pasukan dari Eropa ke Indonesia, maka mereka berusaha membentuk kesatuan unit khusus di India dengan mendirikan School voor Opleiding van Parachutisten (sekolah pasukan terjun payung) dan pasukan ini dikirim ke Jakarta pada 1946. dibawah pimpinan Letnan Visser, sekolah ini kemudian di pindah ke Jayapura (Hollandia) di Irian Jaya yang waktu itu dinamakan Dutch West Guinea oleh Belanda , menempati sebuah bangunan rumah sakit Amerika yang telah ditinggalkan oleh pasukan Douglas Mc Arthur.

Dengan segala kondisi yang ada Visser ternyata menyukai hidup di Asia, ia meminta istrinya (wanita Inggris yang dinikahinya semasa perang dunia 2) dan keempat anaknya untuk ikut dengannya ke Indonesia. Ketika istrinya menolak, Visser memilih untuk bercerai. Saat kembali ke Indonesia pada 1947, Sekolah pimpinannya sudah dipindah ke Cimahi, Bandung dan Viser dipromosikan naik pangkat menjadi Kapten. Selama tahun 1947 sampai akhir 1949 , Sekolah pimpinan Kapten Visser terus melahirkan tentara terjun payung sampai saat dimana Belanda harus menyerahkan kekuasaaanya kepada Republik Indonesia.

Karena sudah merasa nyaman dengan gaya hidup Asia, maka Kapten Visser memutuskan untuk tinggal di Indonesia sebagai warga sipil. Keputusan ini sangat berisiko, karena walaupun dia bukan termasuk pasukan baret hijau belanda yang dikenal sangat kejam (Visser sendiri berbaret merah), tapi tidak ada yang bisa meramalkan bagaimana keamanan seorang mantan perwira penjajah di negara jajahanya yang baru saja merdeka. Akhirnya dia menetapkan keputusannya untuk tinggal di Indonesia, pindah ke Bandung , bertani bunga di Pacet, Lembang, memeluk agama islam, menikahi kekasihnya yang orang Sunda dan mengubah namanya menjadi Mochammad Idjon djanbi.


Membentuk pasukan khusus Indonesia



Idjon Djanbi berdiri di sisi kiri, yang paling kanan, ayahanda Ibu Ani Yudhoyono, Almarhum LetJen Sarwo Edhie Wibowo.

Pengalaman Idjon Djanbi sebagai anggota pasukan komando pada Perang Dunia II telah menarik perhatian Kolonel A.E. Kawilarang untuk membantu merintis pasukan komando. Idjon Djanbi kemudian aktif di TNI dengan pangkat Mayor. Idjon segera melatih kader perwira dan bintara untuk menyusun pasukan.

Kemudian pada tanggal 16 April 1952 dibentuklah pasukan istimewa tadi dengan nama Kesatuan Komando Teritorium Tentara III/Siliwangi (Kesko TT. III/Siliwangi) dengan Mayor Infanteri Mochammad Idjon Djanbi sebagai komandannya.

Karena satuan Komando ini perlu didukung dengan fasilitas dan sarana yang lebih memadai dan operasional satuan ini diperlukan dalam lingkup yang lebih luas oleh Angkatan Darat, maka Kesko TT. III/Siliwangi beralih kedudukan langsung dibawah komando KSAD bukan dibawah Teritorium lagi dan pada bulan Januari tahun 1953 berganti nama menjadi Kesatuan Komando Angkatan Darat (KKAD). Pada tanggal 29 September 1953 KSAD mengeluarkan Surat Keputusan tentang pengesahan pemakaian baret sebagai tutup kepala prajurit yang lulus pelatihan Komando.

Latihan lanjutan Komando dengan materi Pendaratan Laut (Latihan Selundup) baru bisa dilakukan pada tahun 1954 di Pantai Cilacap Jawa Tengah.

Pada tanggal 25 Juli 1955 KKAD berubah namanya menjadi Resimen Pasukan Komando Angkatan Darat (RPKAD). Yang menjadi komandan adalah Mayor Mochammad Idjon Djanbi.


Untuk meningkatkan kemampuan prajuritnya, tahun 1956 RPKAD menyelenggarakan pelatihan penerjunan yang pertama kalinya di Bandung. Mengingat Indonesia adalah negara kepulauan, maka Mayor Infanteri Mochammad Idjon Djanbi menginginkan agar prajurit RPKAD memiliki kemampuan sebagai peterjun sehingga dapat digerakkan ke medan operasi dengan menggunakan pesawat terbang dan diterjunkan di sana. Lulusan pelatihan ini meraih kualifikasi sebagai peterjun militer dan berhak menyandang Wing Para.


Berhenti dari pasukan khusus

Pada tanggal 25 Juli 1955, Wapres Moh. Hatta meresmikan peningkatan KKAD menjadi RPKAD dan dikepalai tetap oleh Mayor Mochamad Idjon Djanbi dengan Kastaf Mayor Djaelani yang juga merangkap sebagai Komandan SPKAD (sekolah Pasukan Komando Angkatan Darat) dibantu oleh Letnan LB Moerdani sebagai wakilnya.

Di bawah pimpinan Mayor Djaelani dan wakilnya LB Moerdani, pendidikan komando mulai memperlihatkan hasil yng cukup memadai walaupun banyak kekurangan tenaga pengajar maupun dana, dan hal tersebut melipatgandakan keefektifan tempur pasukan.

Pimpinan MABESAD melihat celah untuk mengambil alih kepemimpinan di RPKAD ke orang asli pribumi tetapi hal tersebut tercium oleh mayor Djanbi, dan setelah Djanbi ditawarkan jabatan baru yang jauh dari pelatihan komando, Mayor Djanbi marah dan meminta pensiun.

Kebetulan pada saat itu di tahun 1956, Indonesia sedang aktif menasionalisasi perusahaan-perusahaan milik asing dan Moh Idjon Djanbi yg sudah menjadi WNI diberi jabatan mengepalai perkebunan milik asing yg dinasionalisasi.

Tetapi ia tetap tidak pensiun sebagai anggota RPKAD (di"karyakan"), pada 1969 pada saat ulang tahun RPKAD Mayor Moh. Idjon Djanbi diberi kenaikan pangkat menjadi Letnan Kolonel.


Daftar Komandan Kopassus

Mayor Moch. Idjon Djanbi (1952 - 1956)
Mayor R. E. Djailani 1956 (1956)
Mayor Kaharuddin Nasution (1956 - 1958)
Mayor Mung Parahadimulyo (1958 - 1964)
Kolonel Sarwo Edhie Wibowo (1964 1967
Brigjen Widjoyo Suyono (1967 - 1970)
Brigjen Witarmin (1970 - 1975)
Brigjen Yogie Suardi Memet (Mei 1975 April 1983)
Brigjen Wismoyo Arismunandar (April 1983 Mei 1985 )
Brigjen Sintong Panjaitan (Mei 1985 Agustus 1987 )
Brigjen Kuntara (Agustus 1987 Juli 1992 )
Brigjen Tarub (Juli 1992 Juli 1993 )
Brigjen Agum Gumelar (Juli 1993 September 1994 )
Brigjen Subagyo H. S. (September 1994 Desember 1995)
Mayjen Prabowo Subianto (Desember 1995 Maret 1998 )
Mayjen Muchdi (Maret 1998 - Mei 1998)
Mayjen Syahrir MS (1998 - 2000)
Mayjen Amirul Isnaini (1 Juni 2000 2002)
Mayjen Sriyanto (2002 15 Februari 2005 )
Mayjen Syaiful Rizal (15 Februari 2005 1 September 2006 )
Mayjen Rasyid Qurnuen Aquary (1 September 2006 12 September 2007 )
Mayjen Soenarko (12 September 2007 1 Juli 2008 )
Mayjen Pramono Edhie Wibowo (1 Juli 2008 4 Desember 2009 )
Brigjen Lodewijk Freidrich Paulus (4 Desember 2009 Sekarang )


Dibawah ini beberapa photo Kopassus, hasil pencarian google.

A cool thing happened to me last week. I was sitting here one evening and my Wife hollers in from the Living Room, “Hun, who is Click Bank?”

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Man, I was out of my chair quicker than Flash Gordon!

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“Cool” I said.

“So you do know who Click Bank is” my Wife stared at me.

“Yeah, I may have heard of them.” I gingerly replied.
How I Used Blogger and ClickBank To Start A Profitable Blog Empire

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I’d like to tell you this was planned from day one, but I can’t. Here’s what happened.

Late last year I bought the eBook “Blogging To The Bank.” It’s about a technique of creating Blogger blogs and gaming MSN search, IMHO. MSN search use to have a loophole where you could quickly and easily take advantage of their love of Blogger blogs. You could easily outrank most any website with a blogger blog and some backlinks.

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Model ini menganut paham teori kelompok David B. Truman dalam bukunya “The Govermental Process” (1951), yang menyatakan bahwa interaksi antara kelompok-kelompok adalah merupakan kenyataan politik. Individu-individu yang memiliki kepentingan yang sama mengikatkan baik secara formal maupun informal kedalam kelompok kepentingan (interest group) yang dapat mengajukan dan memaksakan kepentingan-kepentingannya kepada pemerintah.

Truman mengartikan kelmpok kepentingan sebagai suatu kelompok yang memiliki sikap yang sama yang mengajukan tuntutan-tuntutan terhadap kelompok yang lain dalam masyarakat. Dan kelompok kepentingan itu akan mempunyai arti politis, kalau kelompok kepentingan itu mengajukan tuntutan terhadap suatu lembaga pemerintahan.

Kelompok kepentingan semakin mempunyai arti yang penting dalam proses dan kegiatan politik. Dan sebenarnya politik itu adalah merupakan perjuangan diantara kelompok-kelompok untuk mempengaruhi kebijaksanaan negara.

Menurut teori kelompok, kebijaksanaan negara itu adalah merupakan pertimbangan yang dicapai sebagai hasil perjuangan kelompok. Untuk menjaga perimbangan tersebut maka tugas atau peranan sistem politik adalah menengahi konflik yang terjadi diantara kelompok-kelompok tersebut.


Sebagaimana yang dikatakan oleh Thomas R. Dye, tugas sistem politik adalah menengahi konflik antar kelompok dengan cara:
(1) Membuat aturan permainan dalam percaturan antar kelompok,
(2) Mengatur kompromi dan menciptakan keseimbangan kepentingan yang berbeda,
(3) Mewujudkan kompromi-kompromi tersebut dalam bentuk kebijaksanaan negara, dan
(4) Memaksakan berlakunya kompromi-kompromi bagi semua pihak.

Kelompok kepentingan yang berpengaruh diharapkan dapat mempengaruhi perubahan kebijaksanaan negara. Tingkat pengaruh kelompok kepentingan tersebut ditentukan oleh jumlah anggotanya, harta kekayaannya, kekuatan dan kebaikan organisasinya, kepemimpinannya, hubungannya yang erat dengan para pembuat keputusan, kohesi intern para anggotanya, dan sebagainya. Dan aktivitas politik dipandang oleh model ini sebagai hasil perjuangan kelompok, sehingga para pembuat kebijaksanaan Negara secara terus menerus memberikan respons terhadap tekanan-tekana yang diberikan oleh kelompok tersebut, yaitu dengan melakukan tawar menawar, perjanjian dan kompromi terhadap persaingan tuntutan-tuntutan dari kelompok-kelompok yang berpengaruh.

Sistem politik yang juga merupakan keseluruhan sistem kelompok kepentingan selalu berusaha untuk menciptakan keseimbangan diantara kekuatan yang ada pada sub-sub sistemnya. Dengan adanya kelompok laten yang besar dan kuat selalu berusaha untuk memelihara keseimbangan yang ada dan menjaga kalau ada kelompok-kelompok lain yang akan merusak atau mengancam keseimbangan tersebut. Disamping itu karena adanya anggota-anggota kelompok yang merangkap menjadi anggota kelompok yang lain, maka hal inipun akan ikut memelihara adanya keseimbangan tadi. Dan juga sistem atau mekanisme “checks and balances” yang berlaku diantara kelompok-kelompok yang bersaing akan ikut berperan juga dalam memelihara keseimbangan perjuangan kelompok-kelompok kepentingan tersebut.

Jadi kesimpulannya, kebijaksanaan negara, menurut model ini adalah merupakan keseimbangan yang dicapai dari perjuangan kelompok yang berbeda-beda.

Taylor menuliskan hasil penelitiannya tentang manajemen pabrik di Amerika Serikat, Henry Fayol, orang Perancis, mengkonsolidasikan prinsip-prinsip organisasinya. Meskipun mereka menulis pada waktu bersamaan, focus dari Taylor dan Fayol cukup berbeda. Ide – ide Taylor didasarkan atas penelitian ilmiah, sedangkan Fayol menulis atas dasar pengalamannya bertahun-tahun sebagai seorang praktisi eksekutif. Fayol mencoba mengembangkan prinsip – prinsip umum yang dapat diaplikasikan pada semua manajer dari semua tingkatan organisasi, dan menjelaskan fungsi-fungsi yang harus dilakukan oleh seorang manajer. Sedangkan Taylor memusatkan perhatian pada tingkat yang paling rendah dari organisasi manajemen, yaitu tingkat paling rendah dari sebuah pabrik (shop level management).
Fayol mengusulkan empat belas prinsip yang menurutnya dapat digunakan secara universal dan dapat diajarkan di sekolah-sekolah dan universitas-universitas. Banyak dari prinsip organisasi tersebut, meskipun kurang keuniversalannya, diikuti secara luas oleh para manajer dewasa ini:
1. Pembagian kerja, Prinsip ini sama dengan “pembagian kerja” Adam Smith. Spesialisasi menambah hasil kerja dengan cara membuat para pekerja lebih efisien.
2. Wewenang, Manajer harus dapat member perintah. Wewenang memberikan hak ini kepadanya,. Tetapi wewenang berjalan seiring dengan tanggung jawab. Jika wewenang digunakan, timbullah tanggung jawab. Agar efektif, wewenang seorang manajer harus sama dengan tanggung jawabnya.
3. Disiplin, Para pegawai harus mentaati dan menghormati peraturan yang mengatur organisasi. Disiplin yang baik merupakan hasil dari kepemimpinan yang efektif, suatu saling pengertian yang jelas antara manajemen dan para pekerja tentang peraturan organisasi serta penerapan hukuman yang adil bagi yang menyimpang dari peraturan tersebut.
4. Kesatuan komando, Setiap pegawai seharusnya menerima perintah hanya dari seorang atasan.
5. Kesatuan arah, Setiap kelompok aktivitas organisasi yang mempunyai tujuan sama harus dipimpin oleh seorang manjer dengan menggunakan sebuah rencana.
6. Mendahulukan kepentingan umum di atas kepentingan individu. Kepentingan seorang pegawai atau kelompok pegawai tidak boleh mendahulukan kepentingan organisasi secara keseluruhan.
7. Remunarasi, Para pekerja harus digaji sesuai dengan jasa yang mereka berikan.
8. Sentralisasi, ini merujuk kepada sejauh mana para bawahan terlibat dalam pengambilan keputusan. Apakah pengambilan keputusan itu disentralisasi (pada manajemen) atau disentralisasi (pada para bawahan) adalah proporsi yang tepat. Kuncinya terletak pada bagaimana menemukan tingkat sentralisasi yang optimal untuk setiap situasi.

9. Rantai scalar, Garis wewenang dari manajemen puncak sampai ke tingkat yang paling rendah merupakan rantai scalar. Komunikasi harus mengikuti rantai ini. Tetapi, jika dengan mengikuti rantai tersebut malah tercipta kelambatan, komunikasi silang dapat diizinkan jika disetujui oleh semua pihak, sedangkan atasan harus diberitahhu.
10. Tata tertib, Orang dan bahan harus ditempatkan pada tempat dari waktu yang tepat.
11. Keadilan, Para manajer harus selalu baik dan jujur terhadap para bawahan
12. Stabilitas masa kerja para pegawai, Perputaran (turnover) pegawai yang tinggi adalah tidak efisien. Manajemen harus menyediakan perencanaan personalia yang teratur dan memastikan bahwa untuk mengisi kekosongan harus selalu adda pengganti
13. Inisiatif, Para pegawai yang diizinkan menciptakan dan melaksanakan rencana-rencana akan berusaha keras
14. Esprit de corps, Mendorong team spirit akan mmembangun keselarasan dan persatuan di dalam organisasi (dari sebuah sumber buku)

scr:http://tutorialkuliah.blogspot.com/2009/07/14-prinsip-organisasi-henry-fayol.html

Muripancaji ri lino

Engka riwatang kalemu
Mulle purani totoku
To sipa’dua siruntu

Muripancaji ri lino
Tudang riwatang kalemu
Lettu campana rilino
Sipa’dua metteru

Tappamu na tappaku
Sirupa na de na pada
Iyaro tanranna topuri sitoto

Matammu na mataku
Alosi si polo dua
Pappada bungae sibawa daunna

Alemu aleku
Pada muddani
Tori massidi tanranna sitoto

Download: Ikimonogakari Hajimari no Uta [2009 12 23] [320kbps]

Product Title: Hajimari no Uta (ALBUM+DVD)
(First Press Limited Edition)(Japan Version)
Hajimari no Uta (ALBUM+DVD)(初回限定版)(日本版)
Hajimari no Uta (ALBUM+DVD)(First Press Limited Edition)(Japan Version)

Singer Name(s): Ikimonogakari いきものがかり
Manage My Personalized Product Alerts
Release Date: 2009-12-23
Language: Japanese
Disc Format(s): CD
Other Information: Album / CD+DVD
Weight: 260 (g)
Publisher: Epic Records

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the data source; budihadmajaya.com/top-twitter-trends-of-2009.html

The Bugis are the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi, the southwestern province of Sulawesi, Indonesia's third largest island. Although many Bugis live in the large port cities of Makassar and Parepare, the majority are farmers who grow wet rice on the lowland plains to the north and west of the town of Maros. The name Bugis is an exonym which represents an older form of the name; (To) Ugi is the endonym.

The Bugis speak a distinct regional language in addition to Indonesian, called Basa Ugi, Bugis or Buginese. In reality, there are a several dialects, some of which are sufficiently different from others to be considered separate languages. Bugis belongs to the South Sulawesi language group; other members include Makasar, Toraja, Mandar and Enrekang, each being a series of dialects.

In historical European literature, the Bugis have a reputation for being fierce, war-like, and industrious. Honor, status, and rank are of great importance to the Bugis. They are a self-sufficient people who have a positive self-image and are very confident of their own abilities. As the most numerous group in the region (more than 5 million), they have had considerable influence on their neighbors.

Homeland
The homeland of the Bugis is the area around Lake Tempe and Lake Sidenreng in the Walennae Depression in the southwest peninsula. It was here that the ancestors of the present-day Bugis settled, probably in the mid- to late second millennium BC. The area is rich in fish and wildlife and the annual fluctuation of Lake Tempe (a reservoir lake for the Bila and Walennae rivers) allows speculative planting of wet rice, while the hills can be farmed by swidden or shifting cultivation, wet rice, gathering and hunting. Around AD 1200 the availability of prestigious imported goods including Chinese and Southeast Asian ceramics and Gujerati print-block textiles, coupled with newly discovered sources of iron ore in Luwu stimulated an agrarian revolution which expanded from the great lakes region into the lowland plains to the east, south and west of the Walennae depression. This led over the next 400 years to the development of the major kingdoms of South Sulawesi, and the social transformation of chiefly societies into hierarchical proto-states.

In Malay peninsular and Sumatra
The conclusion in 1669 of a protracted civil war led to a diaspora of Bugis and their entry into the politics of peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. The Bugis played an important role in defeating Jambi and had a huge influence in Sultanate of Johor. Apart from the Malays, another influential faction in Johor at that time was the Minangkabau. Both the Bugis and the Minangkabau realized how the death of Sultan Mahmud II had provided them with the chance to exert power in Johor. Under the leadership of Daeng Parani, the descendants of two families settled on the Linggi and Selangor rivers and became the power behind the Johor throne, with the creation of the office of the Yang Dipertuan Muda (Yam Tuan Muda), or Bugis underking.

In Northern Australia
Long before European colonialists extended their influence into these waters, the Makasar, the Bajau, and the Bugis built elegant, ocean-going schooners in which they plied the trade routes. Intrepid and doughty, they travelled as far east as the Aru Islands, off New Guinea, where they traded in the skins of birds of paradise and medicinal masoya bark, and to northern Australia, where they exchanged shells, birds'-nests and mother-of-pearl for knives and salt with Aboriginal tribes. The products of the forest and sea that they brought back were avidly sought after in the markets and entrepots of Asia, where the Bugis bartered for opium, silk, cotton, firearms and gunpowder.[citation needed]

The Bugis sailors left their mark and culture on an area of the northern Australian coast which stretches over two thousand kilometers from the Kimberley to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Throughout these parts of northern Australia, there is much evidence of a significant Bugis presence. There are the remains of Bugis buildings on islands, Bugis words have become part of the Aboriginal languages and Bugis men and their craft feature in the indigenous art of the people of Arnhem Land.


Each year, the Bugis sailors would sail down on the northwestern monsoon in their wooden pinisi. They would stay in Australian waters for several months to trade and take trepang (or dried sea cucumber) before returning to Makassar on the dry season off shore winds. These trading voyages continued until 1907.

As Thomas Forrest wrote in Voyage from Calcutta, "The Bugis are a high-spirited people: they will not bear ill-usage...They are fond of adventures, emigration, and capable of undertaking the most dangerous enterprises."

Present Lifestyle
Most present-day Bugis now earn their living as rice farmers, traders or fishermen. Women help with the agricultural cycle and work in the homes. Some women still weave the silk sarongs worn on festive occasions by men and women.

Most Bugis live in stilted houses, sometimes three meters (9 ft) or more off the ground, with plank walls and floors. During growing seasons some family members may reside in little huts dispersed among the fields.

Many of the marriages are still arranged by parents and ideally take place between cousins. A newlywed couple often lives with the wife's family for the first few years of their marriage. Divorce is a fairly common occurrence, particularly when the married couple are still in their teens.

The Bugis' diet consists mainly of rice, maize, fish, chicken, vegetables, fruit and coffee. On festive occasions, goat is served as a special dish. Visual and performing arts, such as dance and recitations of epic poetry have largely been replaced by modern entertainments such as karaoke.

The Bugi culture also recognizes five separate genders that are necessary to keep the world in balance and harmony. These include makkunrai (feminine woman), calabai (feminine man), calalai (masculine female), oroané (masculine man), and bissu (embodying both male and female energies, revered as a shaman).

Religion
In the early 1600s, the Minangkabau ulema, Dato Ri Bandang, Dato Ri Tiro, and Dato Ri Patimang spread Islam in South Sulawesi. The Bugis converted from indigenous animistic practices and beliefs to Islam. A few west coast rulers converted to Christianity in the mid-sixteenth century, but failure by the Portuguese at Malacca to provide priests meant that this did not last. By 1611, all the Makasar and Bugis kingdoms had converted to Islam, though pockets of animists among the Bugis To Lotang at Amparita and the Makasar Konja in Bulukumba persist to this day. Practices originating in the pre-Islamic period also survive, such as ancestor veneration and spirit possession, though these practices are less inclined to be performed by the current generation, as most are now educated in Islam.

For the last couple of months, Google Adsense has dominated forums, discussions and newsletters all over the Internet. Already, there are tales of fabulous riches to be made and millions made by those who are just working from home. It seems that Google Adsense have already dominated the internet marketing business and is now considered the easiest way to making money online.

The key to success with Adsense is the placing of ads on pages that are receiving high traffic for high demand keywords. The higher the cost-per-click to the advertiser, the more you will receive per click from your site. Obviously, it does not pay to target low cost-per-click keywords and place them on pages that do not receive hits.

With all the people getting online and clicking away everyday, it is no wonder why Google Adsense has become an instant hit.

For some who are just new to this market, it would be a blow to their pride knowing that their homepage is buried somewhere in the little ads promoting other people’s services. But then, when they get the idea that they are actually earning more money that way, all doubts and skepticism is laid to rest.

There are two major, and clever, factors that some successful webmaster and publishers are learning to blend together in order to make money easier using Adsense.

1. Targeting high traffic pages on your website. If you check on your logs, you will discover that many of your visitors are taking advantage of the free affiliate marketing resources and ebooks that you are offering on your site. In simple words, your ads are working effectively and are generating more clicks. It also means more money for you.

2. Placing Adsense links on pages that are producing little, or better yet, no profit. By placing Adsense on a free resources page, you will reduce the amount of potential customers being lost to other sites. Tricky, but effective nonetheless.

When learned to work effectively, these two factors are actually a good source of producing a minimal amount of revenue from a high traffic page. Many people are using this strategy to pick up some extra and cash with Adsense. This is also especially rewarding to informational sites that focus their efforts on delivering powerful affiliate link free content to their visitors. Now they can gain a monetary return on their services.

With the many techniques that people are now learning on how to make the easiest money by their Adsense, it is not surprising that Google is trying everything to update and polish their Adsense in order to maintain their good image.

The possibility of adding is 2nd tier in Adsense is not impossible. With all the people spending more time in their Adsense now and still more getting into this line of marketing, there is no doubt about the many new improvements yet to be made. Imagine the smiles on the faces of the webmasters and publishers all around the world if ever they sign up for sub-affiliates and double or even triple the amount that they are already earning.
The one particularly handy money-making feature that is available with Adsense now is the ability to filter out up to 200 urls. These gives webmasters the option to block out low value offers from their pages as well as competitors to their websites. Talk about taking only those that are advantageous and discarding the ones that seem “useless”.

With Google Adsense, the possibilities are limitless. Yet there is also the possibility of someone taking advantage of the easy money process that this internet marketing is doing. If you think more about it, these negative factors may force Google to break down and thrash Adsense in the process. If that happens, people would have to go back to the old ways of internet marketing that does not make money online as easy as Adsense.

For now, however, Google Adsense is here to stay. As long as there are people wanting to earn some easy cash online just using their talents, the future ahead is looking good. Besides with all the strict guidelines that Google is enforcing over Adsense, it will take awhile for the Adsense privileges to be spammed and even terminated.

For the last couple of months, Google Adsense has dominated forums, discussions and newsletters all over the Internet. Already, there are tales of fabulous riches to be made and millions made by those who are just working from home. It seems that Google Adsense have already dominated the internet marketing business and is now considered the easiest way to making money online.

The key to success with Adsense is the placing of ads on pages that are receiving high traffic for high demand keywords. The higher the cost-per-click to the advertiser, the more you will receive per click from your site. Obviously, it does not pay to target low cost-per-click keywords and place them on pages that do not receive hits.

With all the people getting online and clicking away everyday, it is no wonder why Google Adsense has become an instant hit.

For some who are just new to this market, it would be a blow to their pride knowing that their homepage is buried somewhere in the little ads promoting other people’s services. But then, when they get the idea that they are actually earning more money that way, all doubts and skepticism is laid to rest.

There are two major, and clever, factors that some successful webmaster and publishers are learning to blend together in order to make money easier using Adsense.

1. Targeting high traffic pages on your website. If you check on your logs, you will discover that many of your visitors are taking advantage of the free affiliate marketing resources and ebooks that you are offering on your site. In simple words, your ads are working effectively and are generating more clicks. It also means more money for you.

2. Placing Adsense links on pages that are producing little, or better yet, no profit. By placing Adsense on a free resources page, you will reduce the amount of potential customers being lost to other sites. Tricky, but effective nonetheless.

When learned to work effectively, these two factors are actually a good source of producing a minimal amount of revenue from a high traffic page. Many people are using this strategy to pick up some extra and cash with Adsense. This is also especially rewarding to informational sites that focus their efforts on delivering powerful affiliate link free content to their visitors. Now they can gain a monetary return on their services.

With the many techniques that people are now learning on how to make the easiest money by their Adsense, it is not surprising that Google is trying everything to update and polish their Adsense in order to maintain their good image.

The possibility of adding is 2nd tier in Adsense is not impossible. With all the people spending more time in their Adsense now and still more getting into this line of marketing, there is no doubt about the many new improvements yet to be made. Imagine the smiles on the faces of the webmasters and publishers all around the world if ever they sign up for sub-affiliates and double or even triple the amount that they are already earning.
The one particularly handy money-making feature that is available with Adsense now is the ability to filter out up to 200 urls. These gives webmasters the option to block out low value offers from their pages as well as competitors to their websites. Talk about taking only those that are advantageous and discarding the ones that seem “useless”.

With Google Adsense, the possibilities are limitless. Yet there is also the possibility of someone taking advantage of the easy money process that this internet marketing is doing. If you think more about it, these negative factors may force Google to break down and thrash Adsense in the process. If that happens, people would have to go back to the old ways of internet marketing that does not make money online as easy as Adsense.

For now, however, Google Adsense is here to stay. As long as there are people wanting to earn some easy cash online just using their talents, the future ahead is looking good. Besides with all the strict guidelines that Google is enforcing over Adsense, it will take awhile for the Adsense privileges to be spammed and even terminated.

We’re not talking about strangers here. For the strangers that visit your site, your content will have to do all the talking for you. But for the people in your daily life, the ones you want to click on your referral button, the ones you want to read and comment on your blog; these are the ones you want to be able to enlighten about the Google Adsense program.

First, excitement breeds excitement. Get excited about your new venture and others will too. Learn everything you can about the Google Adsense program, not only will this increase your earnings, but you’ll be better equipped to explain the mechanics of the program to others.

Show them the money. There’s nothing like a little proof to make a believer out of someone. You don’t have to wait until you’re making thousands per month, although that’s a healthy goal. But even a small deposit in your piggy bank is enough to intrigue most people. Can’t you just count those referrals now?

Do I Need to be Computer Savvy to Use Google Adsense?

You don’t have to be a techno-geek to use Google Adsense. In fact, you don’t need any more technical knowledge than you do to surf the web. Google Adsense is very user-friendly with a comprehensive support site to answer any question you might have.

You are first walked through the sign-up process where you are prompted for any and all information needed. You will then have a couple of days while you are waiting for your account to be approved. This would be a good time to familiarize yourself with the program policies, which of course you read before you signed up. But look again. Make sure the site you are registering doesn’t have any of the no-nos listed. For instance, some profanity is allowed, but nothing excessive. What is excessive? That could be a gray area, but if you’re in doubt, don’t register that site. There’s plenty of sites with little or no profanity.

Look at the support site while you are waiting on Google Adsense and see what other’s are saying and doing. Most of all, have fun. Your Google Adsense dollars are just waiting to be counted.

Does Google Adsense Offer Direct Deposit?

Google adsense offers various payment options for publishers.

Electronic Funds Transfer (ETF) is offered in 16 countries whereby your payments are deposited directly into your bank account in your local currency. Check Google Adsense support to see which countries participate in this option. You will need to sign up for this option after your application is approved by signing into your account. You then click the edit link adjacent to the payment header. After you fill out the bank information, Google Adsense will make a small test deposit into your account. This is for security purposes to assure the account is really your own.

Watch your account for the test deposit to post, usually within just a few days. After you have received the deposit from Google, log back in to your account and in the Payment Details section, click Verify Account. You then will need to enter the amount of the test deposit. If you do not complete this step, your payments will be on hold. Once you enter the test deposit amount correctly, your bank will be approved and selected as your form of payment.

When you accumulate $50.00 in earnings, Google Adsense will send you a Personal Identification Number (PIN) to the payment address you supplied when you signed up. This is just another security precaution that Google Adsense has in place to protect their publishers but it is important.

Once you’ve been mailed a PIN number, your account payments will be on hold until the PIN is entered in your account. You can still have access to your account and earn money; you just won’t be paid until the PIN is entered. If it hasn’t been entered within 1 year, your account will be disabled.

To enter your PIN after you receive it in the mail, log into your Google Adsense account. Click on the My Account tab, then click on edit. Update the appropriate field and click submit changes. It would also be a good time to check your contact information and make sure it is correct. You’re now well on your way to receiving your first Google Adsense check.

Google Adsense is a fun and easy way to make extra money. It’s important to follow the rules though as Google is serious about the integrity of this program. Not following the rules could result in your Google Adsense account being terminated. Here are a few Don’ts for using the program:

DON’T

Never, ever, ever click on your own ads. Google Adsense makes it very clear this won’t be tolerated.

Don’t ask your friends and family to click on your ads. Rather, earn money by referring them to the Google Adsense program.

Don’t participate in the Google Adsense program strictly for the money. This is not a get-rich-quick scheme. It will take time and hard work to make a profit.

Don’t worry if you don’t understand everything the first day. Although the Google Adsense program is extremely user-friendly, it may take a little time to integrate all the facets of the program. Be patient and above all, have fun!

Hopefully, these helpful tips will ease you into using the program and help you avoid mistakes that could possibly cost you a lot of time or money.

Google Adsense is a fun and easy way to make extra money. It’s important to follow the rules though as Google is serious about the integrity of this program. Not following the rules could result in your Google Adsense account being terminated. Here are a few Dos for using the program:

DO

Read the Terms and Conditions and Program Policies thoroughly.

Read everything you can about Google Adsense. Learn from others’ experiences and mistakes.

Learn how to optimize your site for the most enjoyable and profitable Google Adsense experience. Realize it does take some time and hard work. That’s why it’s so important that you write about something you care about. Hard work is even harder if you don’t like what you’re doing.

Visit other sites that are benefiting from Google Adsense. Click on the ads only if you are truly interested in the product or service being advertised. Read other people’s blogs and comment on them. Only offer a comment though if it is truly sincere.

Hopefully, these helpful tips will ease you into using the program and help you avoid mistakes that could possibly cost you a lot of time or money.

The Google Adsense Preview Tool allows you to preview the ads that may show on any web page thereby letting you make an educated decision on whether to add Google Adsense to your existing pages.

You can also view sample ad formats and colors which will allow you to see how the colors and formats you want to appear in your ads will look before they actually launch on your pages.

You can also view borders, backgrounds and text colors from the preview tool and by clicking preview you can see how these will look with actual ads.

You can also see geo-targeted location ads meaning you can see what ads users in Canada can see even if you live in Japan.

The Preview Tool is available in all active Adsense languages and is easy to install. For specific installation instructions, you’ll need to go to the Google Adsense Support site. Follow the instructions and click on the link provided and you’ll be a previewing genius in no time!

What are Themed Ad Units. Simple. They are ads that have special colors and graphics to celebrate the season! For instance, you might see your ad with orange print with a picture of a black cat for Halloween. How about red print with a green mistletoe for Christmas?

The Themed Ad Units are specifically tailored to users in the appropriate locations as determined by their IP address. For instance, a user in the United States might see colors and graphics appropriate to the Fourth of July while users everywhere could see colors and graphics for New Years Day.

Again, it’s your choice and your page. You can turn Themed Ad Units on or off by yourself. Just log in to your account, go to the My Account tab. On the Account Settings page, scroll down to the Ad Type Preferences section and click Edit. You can now enable or disable the Themed Ad Units. Click save changes and Voila! Your selection will apply to all your Google Adsense Ads.